Regulatory Framework and Research: A Review of IPO Research Conducted in the U.S., China, and India
Keywords:
IPO
, Regulatory Framework, IPO ResearchG12
, G14Abstract
Although the area of research is the same, i.e. IPO underpricing, however, there are many apparent differences between the methods of research, focus of the research , amount of the research, and the findings of the research across countries and time periods. These differences become wide if compared between the U.S., China, and India. In the U.S., the focus of IPO research has been on the role of the underwriters and discretionary power of share allocation. While in China, the focus is on the effect of frequently changed regulatory framework on IPO underpricing. In India, it can be seen that most of the studies are based on the publicly available information, considering IPO firm's and the issue's characteristics as the main study variables. The present study aims to review the literature of IPOs in the U.S., China, and India. The major differences in the methods of pricing and other related regulations should be the major concerns while applying the IPO market models across countries. The present review study covers the time period from 1970s to 2012.Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Aggarwal, R., Prabhala, N.R., & Puri, M. (2002). “Institutional Allocation in Initial Public Offerings: Empirical Evidence.†Journal of Finance, 57 (3), pp. 1421-1442, DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00465.
Allen, F., & Faulhaber, G. R. (1989). “Signaling by Underpricing in the IPO market.†Journal of Financial Economics, 23 (2), pp. 303-323.
Baker, M., & Wurgler, J. (2000). “The Equity Share in New Issues and Aggregate Stock Returns.†Journal of Finance, 55 (5), pp. 2219-2257, DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00285.
Bansal, Y., & Desai, A.N. (2012). “IPO Volatility in Indian Markets.†Indian Journal of Finance, 6 (2), pp. 4 - 12.
Baron, D. P. (1982). “A Model of the Demand for Investment Banking Advising and Distribution Services for New Issues.†The Journal of Finance, 37 (4), pp. 955-976, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1982.tb03591.x.
Barry, C. B., Mauscarella, C. J., Peavey, J. W., & Vetsuypens, M. (1990). “The Role of Venture Capital in the Creation of Public Companies.†Journal of Financial Economics, 27 (2) , pp.447-471.
Beatty R. P., & Ritter, J.R. (1986). “Investment Banking, Reputation, and the Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings.†Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1-2), pp. 213-232.
Benveniste, L. M., & Spindt, P. A. (1989). “How Investment Bankers Determine the Offer Price and Allocation of New Issues.†Journal of Financial Economics, 24 (2), pp. 343-361.
Biais, B., & Perotti, E. (2002). “Machiavellian Privatizationâ€, American Economic Review, 92 (1), pp. 240 - 258.
Brennan, M.J., & Franks, J. (1997). “Underpricing, Ownership and Control in Initial Public Offerings of Equity Securities in the UK.†Journal of Financial Economics, 45 (3), pp.391-413.
Carter, R., & Manaster, S. (1990). “Initial Public Offerings and Underwriter Reputation.†Journal of Finance, 45 (4), pp. 1045-1067, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1990.tb02426.x.
Chau, C. T., Ciccotello, C. S., & Grant, C. T. (1999). “Role of ownership in Chinese Privatization: Empirical Evidence from Returns in IPOs of Chinese A-Shares, 19901993â€, Advances in Financial Economics, 4, pp.51 - 78.
Chemmanur, T. J. (1993). “The Pricing of Initial Public Offers: A Dynamic Model with Information Production.†Journal of Finance, 48 (1), pp.285-304, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb04710.x.
Chemmanur, T.J., & Fulghieri, P. (1999). “A Theory of the Going-Public Decision.†Review of Financial Studies, 12 (2), pp. 249-279.
Chemmanur, T.J., & He, J. (2011). “IPO Waves, Product Market Competition, and the Going Public Decision: Theory and Evidence.†Journal of Financial Economics, 101 (2), pp.382-412.
Chen, G. M., Firth, M., & Kim, J. B. (2000). “The Post-Issue Market Performance of Initial Public Offerings in China's New Stock Markets.†Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 14 (4), pp. 319 - 339.
Chen, G., Firth, M., & Kim, J. B. (2004). “IPO Underpricing in China's New Stock Markets.†Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 14 (3), pp. 283 - 302.
Cheung,Y.-L.,Ouyang, Z., & Tan, W.(2009). “How Regulatory Changes Affect IPO Underpricing in China.†China Economic Review, 20 (4), pp. 692-702.
Chi, J. & Padgett, C. (2002). “The Performance and Long-run Characteristic of the Chinese IPO Market.†ISMA Discussion Papers in Finance 200209, ISMA Center, University of Reading, UK.
Chi, J., & Padgett, C. (2005). “Short-run under-pricing and its Characteristics in Chinese Initial Public Offering (IPO) Markets.†Research in International Business and Finance 19 (1), pp.71 - 93.
Cloak, G., & Gunay, H. (2011). “Strategic Waiting in the IPO Markets.†Journal of Corporate Finance, 17 (3), pp. 555-583.
Daniel, K. (2002). “Discussion of “Why don't Issuers get upset about Leaving Money on the Table in IPOs.†The Review of Financial Studies, 15 (2), pp.445-454.
Daniel, K., & Titman, S. (1995). “Financing Investment under Asymmetric Information.†Chapter 23 in Jarrow, Maksimovic, and Ziemba (Eds.). “Handbooks of Operations Research and Management Science: Finance.†Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Deb, G. S. (2009). “Some insights into IPO underpricing in Indiaâ€, Vilakshan : The XIMB Journal of Management, 6 (2), pp.1-14.
Deb, K.S., & Marisetty, V. B.(2011). “Information Content of IPO Grading.†Journal of Banking and Finance, 34 (9), pp.2294-2305.
Demers, E., & Lewellen, K.( 2003). “The Marketing Role of IPOs: Evidence from Internet Stocks.†Journal of Financial Economics, 68 (3), pp. 413 - 437.
Deng, H., & Dorfleitner, G. (2008). “Underpricing in Chinese IPOs Some Recent Evidence.†Applied Financial Economics, 18 (1), pp.9 - 22, DOI:10.1080/09603100601007172.
Drake, P.D., & Vetsuypens, M. R. (1993). “IPO Underpricing and Insurance against Legal Liability.†Financial Management, 22(1), pp. 64-73.
Edelen, R. M., & Kadlec, G. B. (2005). “Issuer Surplus and the Partial Adjustment of IPO Prices to Public Information.†Journal of Financial Economics, 77 (2), pp.347-373.
Faccio, M., & Lang, L. (2002). “The Ultimate Ownership of Western European Corporations.†Journal of Financial Economics, 65 (3), pp. 365-395.
Firth, M., & Liau-Tan, C. K. (1997). “Signaling Models and the Valuation of New Issues: an Examination of IPOs in Singapore.†Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 5 (5), pp.511 - 526.
Ghosh, S. (2005). “Underpricing of IPOs : The Indian Experience Over the Last Decade.†Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 41 (6), pp. 45-57.
Grinblatt, M., & Hwang, C.Y. (1989). “Signaling and the Pricing of New Issues.†Journal of Finance, 44 (2), pp. 393-420, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1989.tb05063.x.
Gu, A. Y. (2003). “State Ownership, Firm Size and IPO Performance: Evidence from Chinese 'A' Share Issues.†American Business Review, 21 (2), pp. 101 - 108.
Habib, M., & Ljungqvist, A. (2001). “Underpricing and Entrepreneurial Wealth Losses in IPOs: Theory and Evidence.†Review of Financial Studies, 14 (2), pp.433-458.
Hanley, K.W. (1993). “The Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings and the Partial Adjustment Phenomenon.†Journal of Financial Economics, 34 (2), pp. 231-250.
Hao, Q. (G.) (2011). “Securities Litigation, Withdrawal Risk and Initial Public Offerings.†Journal of Corporate Finance, 17 (3), pp.438-456.
Hughes, P. J., & Thakor, A.V.(1992). “Litigation Risk, Intermediation, and the Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings.†Review of Financial Studies, 5 (4), pp.709-742.
Ibbotson, R.G., & Jaffe, J.F. (1975). “'Hot Issue' Markets.†Journal of Finance, 30 (4), pp.1027-1042, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1975.tb01019.x.
Instefjord, N., Coakley, J., & Shen, Z. (2007). “The Winner's Curse and Lottery-Allocated IPOs in China.†Working Paper, University of Essex.
Jain, N., & Padmavathi, C. (2012). “Underpricing of IPOs in the Indian Capital Market.†Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers, 37 (1), pp. 83-95.
Jain, N., & Singh, R. (2012). “Determinants of IPO Subscription in India.†Vilakshan: The XIMB Journal of Management, 9 (2), pp. 121-134.
Jegadeesh, N., Weinstein, M. & Welch, I. (1993). “An Empirical Investigation of IPO Returns and Subsequent Equity Offerings.†Journal of Financial Economics, 34 (2), pp.153-175.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk.†Econometrica, 47 (2), pp. 263-291.
Kao, J. L., Wu, D., & ,Yang, Z.(2009). “Regulations, Earnings Management, and Post-IPO Performance: The Chinese Evidence.†Journal of Banking & Finance, 33 (1), pp. 63 - 76.
Keloharju, M., Knüpfer,S., & Torstila, S.(2008). “Do Retail Incentives Work in Privatization?†Review of Financial Studies, 21(5), pp.2061-2095, DOI:10.1093/rfs/hhl033.
Khanna, T., & Yafeh, Y. (2005). “Business Groups and Risk Sharing around the World.†Journal of Business, 78 (1), pp. 301-340, DOI:10.1086/426527.
Khanna,T., & Palepu, K.(2000). “Is Group Membership Profitable in Emerging Markets? An Analysis of Diversified Indian Business Groups.†Journal of Finance, 55 (2), pp.867-891, DOI: 10.1111/0022-1082.00229.
Kim, J., Le, K.P., & Walker,T. (2008). “Leverage and IPO Underpricing: High-Tech Versus Low-Tech IPOs.†Management Decision, 46 (1), pp.106-130.
Kim, S., Rui, M., & Xu, P. (1998). “An Empirical Analysis on IPO Underpricing and Performance of Newly Privatized Firms in China.†Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 1 (4), pp. 461 - 479, DOI: 10.1142/S0219091598000272.
Krishnamurti, C., & Kumar, P. (2002). “The Initial Listing Performance of Indian IPOs.†Managerial Finance, 28 (2), pp. 39-51.
Kumar, S.S.S. (2007). “Short and Long-Run Performance of Bookbuilt IPOs in India.†International Journal of Management Practices and Contemporary Thoughts, 2 (2), pp.20-29.
Laffont, J.-J., & Maskin, E. (1987). “Monopoly with Asymmetric Information about Quality: Behavior and Regulation.†European Economic Review, 31 (1-2), pp. 483 - 489.
Lau, H.F.W. (2004). “Regulations on IPO Pricing, Earnings Management and Earnings Forecasts during the Reform of State Enterprises in China.†Advances in International Accounting, 17, pp. 175 - 198.
Lee, P.M., &Wahal, S. (2004). “Grandstanding, Certification and the Underpricing of Venture Capital Backed IPOs.†Journal of Financial Economics, 73 (2), pp. 375 - 407.
Liu, T. (2003). “Investment without Risk: An Empirical Investigation of IPO Underpricing in China.†The China Project Report No. 4, RIIA / Cambridge University.
Ljungqvist, A., & Wilhelm, W.J. (2005). “Does Prospect Theory Explain IPO Market Behavior?†Journal of Finance, 60 (4), pp.1759-1790, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00779.x.
Loughran,T., & Ritter, J. R. (1995). “The New Issues Puzzle.†Journal of Finance, 50 (1), pp. 23-51, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05166.x.
Loughran,T., & Ritter, J. R. (2002). “Why don't Issuers Get Upset about Leaving Money on the Table in IPOs?†Review of Financial Studies, 15 (2), pp. 413-443.
Lundtofte, F. (2010). “A note on the Pricing of IPOs.†Economics Letters, 106 (2), pp.105-107.
Ma, S., & Faff, R. (2007). “Market Conditions and the Optimal IPO Allocation Mechanism in China.†Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 15 (2), pp. 121 - 139.
Mahmood,F., Xia ,X., Ali, M., Usman, M., & Shahid, H.(2011). “How Asian and Global Economic Crisis Prevail in Chinese IPO and Stock Market Efficiency.†International Business Research, 4 (2), pp. 226-237.
Marisetty,V.B., & Subrahmanyam, M. G.(2010). “Group Affiliation and the Performance of Initial Public Offerings in the Indian Stock Market.†Journal of Financial Markets 13 (1), pp. 196-223.
Megginson,W., & Weiss, K.A. (1991). “Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings.†Journal of Finance, 46 (2), pp. 879-903, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03770.x.
Michaely,R., & Shaw, W. H.(1994). “The Pricing of Initial Public Offerings: Tests of Adverse Selection and Signaling Theories.†Review of Financial Studies, 7 (2), pp. 279-319.
Mok, H. M. K., & Hui, Y. V. (1998). “Underpricing and Aftermarket Performance of IPOs in Shanghai, China.†Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 6 (5), pp. 453 - 474.
Nandha, M.S., & Sawyer, K.R. (2002). “Ex-ante Uncertainty in Initial Public Offerings: The Indian Market.†Finance India, 16 (3), pp. 961-976.
Nimalendran, M., Ritter, J.R., & Zhang, D.(2007). “Do Today's Trades Affect Tomorrow's IPO Allocation?†Journal of Financial Economics, 84 (1), pp. 87-109.
Pande, A., & Vaidyanathan, R. (2009). “Determinants of IPO Underpricing in the National Stock Exchange of India.†ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance, 15 (1), pp. 14-30.
Pandey, A., & Kumar, G. A. (2001). “Relative Effectiveness of Signals in IPOs in Indian Capital Markets.†Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department, Working Paper, p.27.
Phani,B.V.,_______, Kunal, & Katti, S.(2010). “Role of Private Equity Exit Strategy, Governance Mechanism and Regulatory Constraint on Performance of Indian IPOs.†SSRN, Retrieved from Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1718963
Ranjan, N., & Madhusoodanan, T.P.(2004). “IPO Underpricing, Issue Mechanisms and Size.†Institute for Financial Management and Research : Chennai.
Reuter, J. (2006). “Are IPO Allocation for Sale? Evidence from Mutual Funds.†Journal of Finance, 61 (5), pp.2289-2324, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.01058.x.
Ritter, J.R. (1991). “The Long Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings.†Journal of Finance, 46 (1), pp.3-27, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03743.x.
Ritter, J.R. (2011). “Equilibrium in the IPO Market.†SSRN, Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1822542
Ritter, J.R., & Welch, I. (2002). “A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations.†Journal of Finance, 57(4), pp. 1795-1828, DOI: 10.1111/1540-6261.00478.
Rock, K. (1986). “Why New Issues are Underpriced.†Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1-2), pp. 187-212.
Sahoo, S. & Rajib, P. (2010). “After Market Pricing Performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): Indian IPO Market 2002-2006.†Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 35 (4), pp. 27-43.
Sahoo, S., & Rajib, P. (2009). “Investment Bank Prestige and IPO Underpricing: An Empirical Study.†IIMB Management Review, 21 (3), pp. 189-204.
Sehgal, S., & Singh, B. (2007). “The Initial and Aftermarket Performance of Indian IPOs.†ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance, 13 (11), pp. 16-36.
Su, D. (2004). “Leverage, Insider Ownership, and the Underpricing of IPOs in China.†Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 14 (1), pp. 37-54.
Su, D., & Fleisher, B.M. (1999). “An Empirical Investigation of Underpricing in Chinese IPOs.†Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 7 (2), pp.173-202.
Tian L. G. (2003). “Financial Regulations, Investment Risks, and Determinants of Chinese IPO Underpricing.†Working Paper, Peking University Management School and London Business School.
Tian, L. (2011). “Regulatory Underpricing: Determinants of Chinese Extreme IPO Returns.†Journal of Empirical Finance, 18 (1), pp. 78-90.
Tinic, S.M. (1988). “Anatomy of Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock.†Journal of Finance, 43 (4), pp.789-822, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb02606.x.
Varshney, S., & Robinson, R. (2004). “IPO Research Symposium Review.†Journal of Economics and Finance, 28 (1), pp. 56-67.
Welch, I. (1989). “Seasoned Offerings, Imitation Costs, and the Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings.†Journal of Finance, 44 (2), pp.421-449, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1989.tb05064.x.
Welch, I. (1992). “Sequential Sales, Learning and Cascades.†Journal of Finance, 47 (2), pp. 695-732, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04406.x.
Yau, H. M. O., & Steele, H. (2000). “China Business: Challenges in the 21st Century.†The Chinese University Press, Volume 95, p.111.
Young, O. (2007). “A Review of IPO research in Asia : What's next ?†Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 15 (3), pp. 253-275.
Yu, T., & Tse, Y.K. (2006). “An Empirical Examination of IPO Underpricing in the Chinese A-share Market.†China Economic Review, 17 (4), pp. 363 - 382.
Zhou, Z.G., & Zhou, J.(2010). “Chinese IPO Activity, Pricing, and Market Cycles.†Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 34 (4), pp.483 - 503.